Facts, Fiction and Sample Cause and Effect Essay Topics

Facts, Fiction and Sample Cause and Effect Essay Topics Sample Cause and Effect Essay Topics Explained Children born to parents who possess the sorts of traits that predict success in today's world including intelligence, compassion and impulse control will probably thrive. For instance, a student will have to answer a prompt requiring them explain just what happens to a youngster's health that starts smoking cigarettes. When there are certainly lots of health-related causes of insomnia, you could also discuss how pressures at school, on the job or in your social life might let you get rid of sleep. A high number of criminals who serve their very first prison sentence, leave prison simply to reoffend. The Sample Cause and Effect Essay Topics Chronicles Or it might also signify that the incident that occurred is the effect of some other thing. It is very important to be aware that sometime, many causes result in a single effect or many effects might actually be from 1 cause. P ick a phenomenon or trend that you're interested in and write out a table of causes and analyses to find out what you know about doing it. You may comprehend the causes and results of the factor however, you may find it challenging to sound clear to others. If you'd like to help your son or daughter understand how causal relationships work, you can get some handy cause and effect worksheets here. Sometimes it is challenging to distinguish whether there is quite a cause and effect relationship once it comes to choosinggood cause and effect essay topics. The impact of obesity in children is critical. Remember too that pollution isn't only a price tag. Companies in third world countries have the benefit of using cheap labor to lessen the price of production. Analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of levying a tariff is a powerful use of the them. International Warming is affecting companies throughout the world. Before you commence working on cause and effect essay outline the very first thing you have to do is to select a winning topic. You are not going to make the error of writing something in your essay t hat you believe you have thought of yourself, but is in reality something you're remembering from a book word-for-word. You are likely to be offered an essay on nearly every subject for a specific price. You might also attempt sharing your essay with different people and receiving their thoughts. Remember that the start of your essay needs to be impressive to continue to keep your audience glued to your paper. Make certain that the introduction comprehensively states the goal of essay together with the effects and causes at stake. One of the crucial problems in the introductions is the deficiency of a thesis statement. Don't be scared to let your essay do something similar. Hence, it must be interesting and engaging enough if you want to entice your readers. When you start writing your essay you'll have all info you should make accurate direct quotations. Persuasive essay is also referred to as the argument essay. Most importantly, all kinds of essay writing demands the writer to experience the essay few times before finalizing the content to make certain it is readable and concise. Locate the subject, outline the way the paper shall look and just do it, the very best essay! Possessing good essay examples provides the reader an in-depth and on-the-court idea about what a well structured and coherent essay appears like. You have to record your research in a sense that produces essay writing less difficult for you. Finding Sample Cause and Effect Essay Topics Online Although it's common, student has to acquire right to become excellent grades. Students lead busy lives and frequently forget about an approaching deadline. Often college students get into a great deal of stress to get the appropriate topic for the essay. Students that are in college are having difficulty writing essays. Cause and effect essays are simple in theory, but they are able to become pretty tricky if you're trying for a complicated topic. In case the topic is selected correctly it is going to be successful among the reader and cause a good deal of discussions. Your topic is vital, it's something meaningful for you, only then you'll help it become important for others. Opt for a specific topic that you would like to write about. What You Should Do to Find Out About Sample Cause and Effect Essay Topics Before You're Left Behind Emotional stability is vital in a marriage. On top of having physical defects to be concerned about, you will also have to look at thwarting electrolyte imbalance and dehydration, which have been shown to be quite fatal. Management problems are seen by employees as a lengthy term problem so they opt to resign to be able to avoid it. In the majority of cases, the info you already have won't be sufficient to compose a detailed, captivating paper, that's why you'll be asked to perform research to acquire as much additional information as you are able to. Once more , based on the content you need to provide, the essay needs to be organized to suit your information efficiently and neatly. Do a little research if you want more info. Sometimes people have a tendency to get bored in the event the content that they're reading is boring.

European Union Integration And Deliberative Democracy

2.0 European Union integration and deliberative democracy The European Union (EU) was established back in (REFERENCE) with the aim of (REFERENCE peace and economic prosperity). Since then, much has happened, and the EU is now considered more than just an economic collaboration. This brings along both new challenges and new opportunities when considering the future EU. Recent developments has shown an increasingly worry about the economic situation in the EU (REFERENCE GREECE AND SPAIN), which challenges the legitimacy of the EU as solely an economic union – if the internal economy is falling apart, how can we then justify the upholding of the union? This has become a major concern to several EU countries. One example is the United Kingdom,†¦show more content†¦The political relationship between nation-states is built upon negotiations between national governments. In this sense, the theory draws upon an ‘ration actor model’, where the nation-state is the primary analytical unit of interest, and intergovernmental negotiations are the context (Cini, 2007, p. 97). More precisely, Moravcsik writes that â€Å"Actors calculate the alternative courses of action and choose the one that maximizes (or satisfies) their utility under the circumstances.† (Moravcik and Schimmelfennig, 2009, p. 68). He argues that nation-states in the EU seek to maximise economic profit based on existing preferences. This form of rationality indirectly implies that a collaboration between EU countries is undesirable when there is no economic profit to be made by the nation-state. This also means that the theory is unable to accommodate alternative forms of political integration. If one believes in the idea that EU integration is (or should be) built upon economic profitable results alone, then it should be no surprise that the EU is currently witnessing the appearance of an increasing number of euroscepticist parties within several EU countries. The other main theory about EU integration, namely the neofunctionalist (NF) tradition, opposes the idea of LI in several ways. One of the main differences is the NF notion of positive spillover effects, e.g. that integration within the economic sector provides strong incentives for integration within other sectors.

Applications of Discrete Mathematics free essay sample

Discrete mathematics is the study of mathematical structures that are fundamentally discrete rather than continuous. In contrast to real numbers that have the property of varying smoothly, the objects studied in discrete mathematics such as integers, graphs, and statements in logic do not vary smoothly in this way, but have distinct, separated values. Discrete mathematics therefore excludes topics in continuous mathematics such as calculus and analysis. Discrete objects can often be enumerated by integers. More formally, discrete mathematics has been haracterized as the branch of mathematics dealing with countable sets (sets that have the same cardinality as subsets of the integers, including rational numbers but not real numbers). However, there is no exact, universally agreed, definition of the term discrete mathematics. Indeed, discrete mathematics is described less by what is included than by what is excluded: continuously varying quantities and related notions. The set of objects studied in discrete mathematics can be finite or infinite. The term finite mathematics is sometimes applied to parts of the field of discrete athematics that deals with finite sets, particularly those areas relevant to business. Research in discrete mathematics increased in the latter half of the twentieth century partly due to the development of digital computers which operate in discrete steps and store data in discrete bits. Concepts and notations from discrete mathematics are useful in studying and describing objects and problems in branches of computer science, such as computer algorithms, programming languages, cryptography, automated theorem proving, and software development. Conversely, computer implementations are significant in applying ideas from discrete athematics to real-world problems, such as in operations research. Although the main objects of study in discrete mathematics are discrete objects, analytic methods from continuous mathematics are often employed as well. Discrete mathematics is the branch of mathematics dealing with objects that can assume only distinct, separated values. The term discrete mathematics is therefore used in contrast with continuous mathematics, which is the branch of mathematics dealing with objects that can vary smoothly (and which includes, for example, calculus). Whereas discrete bjects can often be characterized by integers, continuous objects require real numbers. The study of how discrete objects combine with one another and the probabilities of various outcomes is known as combinatorics. Other fields of mathematics that are considered to be part of discrete mathematics include graph theory and the theory of computation. Topics in discrete mathematics Complexity studies the time taken by algorithms, such as this sorting routine. Theoretical computer science includes areas of discrete mathematics relevant to computing. It draws heavily on graph theory and logic. Included within theoretical computer science is the study of algorithms for computing mathematical results. Computability studies what can be computed in principle, and has close ties to logic, while complexity studies the time taken by computations. Automata theory and formal language theory are closely related to computability. Petri nets and process mathematics are used in analyzing VLSI electronic circuits. Computational geometry applies algorithms to geometrical problems, while computer image analysis applies them to representations of images. Theoretical computer science also includes the tudy of continuous computational topics such as analog computation, continuous computability such as computable analysis, continuous complexity such as information-based complexity, and continuous systems and models of computation such as analog VLSI, analog automata, differential petri nets, real time process algebra. Information theory The ASCII codes for the word Wikipedia, given here in binary, provide a way of representing the word in information theory, as well as for information-processing algorithms. Information theory involves the quantification of information. Closely elated is coding theory which is used to design efficient and reliable data transmission and storage methods. Information theory also includes continuous topics such as: analog signals, analog coding, analog encryption. Logic Logic is the study of the principles of valid reasoning and inference, as well as of consistency, soundness, and completeness. For example, in most systems of logic (but not in intuitionistic logic) Peirces law is a theorem. For classical logic, it can be easily verified with a truth table. The study of mathematical proof is particularly important in logic, and has applications to automated theorem proving nd formal verification of software. Logical formulas are discrete structures, as are proofs, which form finite trees[8] or, more generally, directed acyclic graph structures[9][10] (with each inference step combining one or more premise branches to give a single conclusion). The truth values of logical formulas usually form a finite set, generally restricted to two values: true and false, but logic can also be continuous-valued, e. . , fuzzy logic. Concepts such as infinite proof trees or infinite derivation trees have also been studied,[11] e. g. infinitary logic. Set theory Set theory is the branch of mathematics that studies sets, which are collections of objects, such as {blue, white, red} or the (infinite) set of all prime numbers. Partially ordered sets and sets with other relations have applications in several areas. In discrete mathematics, countable sets (inc luding finite sets) are the main focus. The beginning of set theory as a branch of mathematics is usually marked by Georg Cantors work distinguishing between different kinds of infinite set, motivated by the study of trigonometric series, and further development of the theory of infinite sets is outside the scope of discrete mathematics. Indeed, contemporary work in descriptive set theory makes extensive use of traditional continuous mathematics. Combinatorics Combinatorics studies the way in which discrete structures can be combined or arranged. Enumerative combinatorics concentrates on counting the number of certain combinatorial objects e. g. the twelvefold way provides a unified framework for counting permutations, combinations and partitions. Analytic combinatorics concerns the enumeration of combinatorial structures using tools from complex analysis and probability theory. In contrast with enumerative combinatorics which ses explicit combinatorial formulae and generating functions to describe the is a study of combinatorial designs, which are collections of subsets with certain intersection properties. Partition theory studies various enumeration and asymptotic problems related to integer partitions, and is closely related to q-series, special functions and orthogonal polynomials. Originally a part of number theory and analysis, partition theory is now considered a part of combinatorics or an independent field. Order theory is the study of partially ordered sets, both finite and infinite. Graph theory Graph theory has close links to group theory. This truncated tetrahedron graph is related to the alternating group A4. Graph theory, the study of graphs and networks, is often considered part of combinatorics, but has grown large enough and distinct enough, with its own kind of problems, to be regarded as a subject in its own right. [12] Algebraic graph theory has close links with group theory. Graph theory has widespread applications in all areas of mathematics and science. There are even continuous graphs. Probability Discrete probability theory deals with events that occur in countable sample spaces. For example, count observations such as the numbers of birds in flocks comprise only atural number values {O, 1, 2, . On the other hand, continuous observations such as the weights of birds comprise real number values and would typically be modeled by a continuous probability distribution such as the normal. Discrete probability distributions can be used to approximate continuous ones and vice versa. For highly constrained situations such as throwing dice or experiments with decks of cards, calculati ng the probability of events is basically enumerative combinatorics. Number theory The Ulam spiral of numbers, with black pixels showing prime numbers. This diagram ints at patterns in the distribution of prime numbers. Main article: Number theory Number theory is concerned with the properties of numbers in general, particularly integers. It has applications to cryptography, cryptanalysis, and cryptology, particularly with regard to prime numbers and primality testing. Other discrete aspects of number theory include geometry of numbers. In analytic number theory, techniques from continuous mathematics are also used. Topics that go beyond discrete objects include transcendental numbers, diophantine approximation, p-adic analysis and function fields. Algebra Algebraic structures occur as both discrete examples and continuous examples. Discrete algebras include: boolean algebra used in logic gates and programming; relational algebra used in databases; discrete and finite versions of groups, rings and fields are important in algebraic coding theory; discrete semigroups and monoids appear in the theory of formal languages. Calculus of finite differences, discrete calculus or discrete analysis A function defined on an interval of the integers is usually called a sequence. A sequence could be a finite sequence from some data source or an infinite sequence from a discrete dynamical system. Such a discrete function could be defined explicitly by a list (if its domain is finite), or by a formula for its general term, or it could be given implicitly by a recurrence relation or difference differentiation by taking the difference between adjacent terms; they can be used to approximate differential equations or (more often) studied in their own right. Many questions and methods concerning differential equations have counterparts for difference equations. For instance where there are integral transforms in harmonic analysis for studying continuous functions or analog signals, there are discrete ransforms for discrete functions or digital signals. As well as the discrete metric there are more general discrete or finite metric spaces and finite topological spaces. Geometry Computational geometry applies computer algorithms to representations of geometrical objects. Main articles: discrete geometry and computational geometry Discrete geometry and combinatorial geometry are about combinatorial properties of discrete collections of geometrical objects. A long-standing topic in discrete geometry is tiling of the plane. Computational geometry applies algorithms to geometrical problems. Topology Although topology is the field of mathematics that formalizes and generalizes the intuitive notion of continuous deformation of objects, it gives rise to many discrete topics; this can be attributed in part to the focus on topological invariants, which themselves usually take discrete values. See combinatorial topology, topological graph theory, topological combinatorics, computational topology, discrete topological space, finite topological space. Operations research Operations research provides techniques for solving practical problems in business and other fields † problems such as allocating resources to maximize profit, or cheduling project activities to minimize risk. Operations research techniques include linear programming and other areas of optimization, queuing theory, scheduling theory, network theory. Operations research also includes continuous topics such as continuous-time Markov process, continuous-time martingales, process optimization, and continuous and hybrid control theory. Game theory, decision theory, utility theory, social choice theory I Cooperate I Defect I Cooperate | 1-10,0 1 Defect 10, -10 1-5, -5 | Payoff matrix for the Prisoners dilemma, a common example in game theory. One player chooses a row, the other a column; the resulting pair gives their payoffs I Decision theory is concerned with identifying the values, uncertainties and other issues relevant in a given decision, its rationality, and the resulting optimal decision. Utility theory is about measures of the relative economic satisfaction from, or desirability of, consumption of various goods and services. Social choice theory is about voting. A more puzzle-based approach to voting is ballot theory. Game theory deals with situations where success depends on the choices of others, which makes hoosing the best course of action more complex. There are even continuous games, see differential game. Topics include auction theory and fair division. Discretization into discrete counterparts, often for the purposes of making calculations easier by using approximations. Numerical analysis provides an important example. Discrete analogues of continuous mathematics There are many concepts in continuous mathematics which have discrete versions, such as discrete calculus, discrete probability distributions, discrete Fourier transforms, discrete geometry, discrete logarithms, discrete differential geometry, iscrete exterior calculus, discrete Morse theory, difference equations, and discrete dynamical systems. In applied mathematics, discrete modelling is the discrete analogue of continuous modelling. In discrete modelling, discrete formulae are fit to data. A common method in this form of modelling is to use recurrence relations. Hybrid discrete and continuous mathematics The time scale calculus is a unification of the theory of difference equations with that of differential equations, which has applications to fields requiring simultaneous modelling of discrete and continuous data.

The Heffron Hall Collections and Pieces of Art

Audience and location The city of Sidney continues to perpetrate a reputation of supporting the development of creative spaces aided by a series of events locations and programs. As such, the city offers a variety of periodic events and activities running through the year. To facilitate these events the city is proud to host and support several seamless and provocative spatial settings.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on The Heffron Hall Collections and Pieces of Art specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These settings offer strategic circumstance and artistic environment that is endorsed by a rich cultural background. Running down from iconic operas to galleries and underground community theatres, these locations have earned a reputation of affordability in artist workspace through the facilitation, cooperation and support of local government. Subsidised rental and leasing programs as well as peppercorn rent programs have allowed creative arts developers to afford and enrich the content of their collections and pieces of art (Foo Rossetto 1998). At the heart of these locations is the Heffron hall managed and controlled by Queens Street Studio in conjunction with FraserStudios, provide an exemplary coalition between artists and developers. This collaboration offers affordable rehearsal space allowing for a constant turnover of activity. Statement of intent The exhibition experience in any such location is pegged on a variety of factors besides the presented item or exhibition. The Falk and Dierking’s model notes that in such an experience as â€Å"the importance they find visitors attribute to individuals, objects, and environments other than those for which they specifically attend the attraction, informs many types of attractions† (2000, p.17). In effect, the elements comprising or leading to an activity, exhibition or presentation complement and shape the audiences impression and attraction to the item of art. Fundamentally, the attraction experience is a gradual and cumulative collection of events leading to the conception of a concrete bias in opinion in the form of an attraction. In the location above, the length of attraction represented to an audience, looking to visit this location will be greatly influenced by the features of the studio including the outside environment of the hall, the presentation of the advertisement of the event, the timing of the event and the general outlook of the space allocated.Advertising Looking for proposal on art? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These are to be conjured to portray various elements of the piece in the format and approach of Mo ¨dersheim’s (2004) as follows in his book art of war: Theme The piece must react to the audience in a manner suggesting a specific theme and approach. It must perpetrate an agenda in a proscribed mannerism. This ca n be achieved by appealing to history and philosophy through invitation of influence from related or similar acts. This sets the audience to a certain direction of thought and impression. This is also to be built from the timeline of events and elements of the activities that develop the final outlook and impression. Agony and liberation will be contrasted and humiliated by the various tools of expression through the actors and carriers of the idea The tragedy and disaster The piece will suggest and explain a crisis of events ideas or perspectives as the starting point of the attraction. This allows the piece to divide the audience in opinion interest and option. The taking of sides presented by a conflict borne by the progression of historical events or ideas allows the audience to engage with the piece in this first level. Disillusion and trauma Frustration, fear and disillusionment at this level engage the audience in the ‘fight’ by allowing them to form an opinion b ias or reaction. It plays the role of feedback from the earlier step. This acts as the total sum of the first impression and first reaction to the progression of the theme, past experience, present interaction and future anticipation. All these are weighed on the balance of principles over morals. Different perspectives are presented at this stage to allow the audience to form an informed bias. The crisis of representation In preparation for the victory or conclusion, a leader must appear. A carrier of the burden of blame for the positive or negative opinion must be borne to the audiences, described, and created in the details of their respects. They will then act as the scapegoats who act as the symbols and representatives of a specific stand or bias. They are then seen to suffer the weight of this burden depending on the affection and attachment of the audience to them. The traumatic realism The conclusion and results of the above reactions are then made clear in the piece to attr act a teaching. This stage gives the audience a firsthand interaction with the consequences of their bias and gives an account of these consequences. It presents the infected and the affected in a closing remark expression and experience.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on The Heffron Hall Collections and Pieces of Art specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Outcomes Preliminary design and planning The preliminary design involves an interaction between the discovery process and the final expected outcome. This is arrived at after an evaluation of the various available approaches locations and methods of presentation. This is then is laid out in the form of virtual locations, major features of the suite and the salient participants and players of the various roles. To this effect, a collection of carefully selected pieces of art will be chosen subscribing to the adopted theme. They will be accompanied by a strategic se tting of the location through the restructuring of the location to accommodate the audience. It will involve the formulation of a schedule of events in the order subscribing to the outline discussed above. The site map will also be developed and prepared to position the elements and artists in attendance in the most appropriate manner. This is map is tested for performance, convenience and completeness in anticipation of the final plan. The master plan is then constructed from the most reliable and effective design and used as a point of reference for the implementation. Design Language Communication occurs through various mediums such as words sounds verbal symbols as well as visual symbols. In the diagram below these are employed interactively in the design of the elements. Effectively the language employed here is a visual one as aided by the words and symbols. Clearly one would very well understand the elements in the picture even without the writings. However, the design langua ge allows the audience to pay specific attention to certain elements of the design at the expense of all others. This also perpetrates the theme of the language and allows the audience to perceive the picture from a specific perspective. Advertising Looking for proposal on art? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conclusion The contrast of opinions, perspectives, and events in a piece of art supplemented by the allusion to its historical antecedent offers the audience a divided ground to which they have no choice but to take a stand. This develops the attraction and interest which form the parameters of evaluating a good piece of art. References Falk, J Dierking, L 2000, Learning from Museums: Visitor Experiences and the Making of Meaning, AltaMira Press,Walnut Creek. Foo, L Rossetto, A 1998, Cultural Tourism in Australia: Characteristics and Motivations, Bureau of Tourism Research Australia Occasional Paper 27, Canberra. Mo ¨dersheim S 2004, Art and War, Representations of Violence: Art about the Sierra Leone Civil War. University of Wisconsin, Madison. Warf, B Arias S, 2009, Spatial Turn: Interdisciplinary perspectives, Routledge, New York. This proposal on The Heffron Hall Collections and Pieces of Art was written and submitted by user Eli W. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Hurricane the song essays

Hurricane the song essays The song "Hurricane" by Bob Dylan tells the story of a man who was accused of murder and spent years in prison for a crime he did not commit. The song is disturbing in its story of lies and racism that put Rubin Carter in prison. This story is a good example of society labeling someone a deviant, and that "deviant" struggling to overcome that stigma. The song reflects on how people's status can make them believable without an actual judgement of their individual character. For some like Rubin Carter, failing to look beyond a person's status can have terrible consequences. "Hurricane" could have a positive impact on anyone in society who realizes there are injustices that surround us every day. Although we cannot give Rubin Carter back those years of his life he spent in prison, we can work to make sure it doesn't happen again. The blatant injustices depicted in this song, and the fact that it is a true story, made me realize just how unfair life can be. When I first heard the song at seventeen, I had a more idealistic view of the world. I thought bad people went to jail, and good people were found innocent at trial. The fact that the jury convicted Rubin Carter without a murder weapon and without the victim's positive identification is not the most disturbing part of the song. The fact that policemen and other people lied to put this man in jail is appalling, and to top it all off, they only did it to him because he was black. I did not find out until much later that Rubin Carter was released from jail. It made me happy to know that he got his life back, however all the years he lost in jail cannot be replaced. I'm sure there are some people who still think he is guilty. Once again, the unfairness of the whole situation is overwhelming. It is unsettling to thik this happens to people who may ne ver have a song or movie about them to tell their story. They sit in a prison cell day after day knowing they don't belong t...

Missing Information in APA Referencing

Missing Information in APA Referencing Missing Information in APA Referencing Referencing can be tricky even if you have all the source details. But what do you do when you can’t find an author’s name or a date of publication? In this post, we look at how to deal with missing information in APA referencing. Sources Without a Named Author: Organizational Authors Not every source will name the person who wrote it. When this happens, you can cite an organizational author instead (i.e., the company or organization that produced the source): Anonymity can affect the psyche over prolonged periods (American Psychological Association, 2008). Here, for example, we’re citing the American Psychological Association. We would then cite the same organizational author in the reference list at the end of the document. For instance: American Psychological Association (2008). The Psychological Effects of Anonymity on Self-Esteem. New York, NY: APA Press Inc. If you cite a source like this more than once, you may also want to abbreviate the organization’s name. You can do this within a citation by adding the abbreviation in square brackets: Anonymity can affect the psyche over prolonged periods (American Psychological Association [APA], 2008). On the next citation, we would then use the abbreviation by itself instead of repeating the full organization name again. Sources Without a Named Author: Anonymous Authors If a source truly has no author to name, APA recommends using the title in place of a name in citations and the reference list. If the title is quite long, you should also shorten it. For instance, we could cite an anonymous book called How to Cite Sources Effectively like this: Citing sources with missing information can be difficult (How to Cite, 2001). We would then use the full source title in place of an author’s name in the reference list. The only time you should attribute something to â€Å"Anonymous† is when the author is listed as such on the source. Sources Without a Year of Publication If you cannot find a date of publication for a source, use the phrase â€Å"n.d.† This is short for â€Å"no date.† We would use it in a citation like this, for instance: Time makes fools of us all (Smith, n.d.). We would then also use â€Å"n.d.† in place of a year in the reference list. Sources Without Page Numbers Possibly the most common issues of missing information in APA referencing is that some sources, such as websites, do not have page numbers. In cases like this, APA says you can use a paragraph number in citations: Smith (2003) rejects the â€Å"supposed need for page numbers† (para. 6). As a rule, paragraph numbers are most useful for shorter documents where you can quickly count the number of paragraphs therein (or for sources that come with pre-numbered paragraphs). Summary: Missing Information in APA Referencing If you cannot find full source information, APA referencing suggests: Cite an organizational author if a source is missing a named author. If there is no suitable organizational author either, use the source title instead. Use the abbreviation â€Å"n.d.† if a source has no year of publication. Use a paragraph number if a source has no page numbers. The points above should cover most cases of missing information in APA. However, remember to check carefully before using these methods. Most sources will have the information you need available, even if it is not easy to spot at first. And don’t forget that you can have your work proofread to make sure your referencing is complete.

Multicultural psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Multicultural psychology - Essay Example The recent film Syriana is perhaps the first mainstream American film to deal with Muslim culture in a three-dimensional manner. Despite this-or perhaps because of this-the film has been attacked by those on the right wing. Syriana is a multi-layered story that delineates the complexity of the global energy business and how it is affected both by western politics and religious faith. The backlash against the film by conservatives and big-business proponents probably has mostly to do with the painting of the American government as being far more interested in profits than democratic ideals. Perhaps the most surprising thing about the complaints against the film is that very little has been made about the utter humanization of the Muslim characters. The Muslim culture remains a mystery to most people in the West; films and television provide most of us with our only glimpse into how these people live. Syriana shows Muslim people throughout the strata of society, from those who run countries and industry down to the workers displaced by the Machiavellian international machinations behind oil production.

Media Buying Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Media Buying - Assignment Example 2. The outside back cover is outside back page of any magazine which is seen by everyone. It is also considered the best exposure just next to the cover page. The rate for outside back cover (1 * rate) in Canadian Geographic is $ 22,470. 4. BBM provides video call facility, receive and send messages with unlimited length, real time confirmation facilities when messages are being delivered, written and read. It can also send files, documents, music, and videos up to 16 MB. 5. Three time categories for television advertising are: Morning drive time which is from 6 A.M. to 10 A.M., Midday which is from 10 A.M. to 3 P.M. and afternoon and evening time which is from 3 P.M. to midnight. 6. The full form of GRP is Gross Rating Point. It measures total rating points during a advertising campaign. A rating point can be defined as one percent of the targeted and potential audience. Calculation of GRP is: Actual reach * Frequency = GRP. 7. Day part is a method through which division of time for radio or television advertisement can be done in a fair and standardized way. Outline of a possible day part classification is as follows: Morning drives (6-10 A.M.), Daytime (10 A.M. to 3 P.M.), Afternoon drive (3 P.M. to 7 P.M.), Night time (7 P.M. to 12 A.M.) and Overnight time (12 A.M. to 6 A.M.). 8. Three basic steps which are involved in buying direct mail are choosing the right list; make the right offer and distribution. At first target list should be identified and then define the order after selecting the proper format and at last but not the least track the result of the buying procedure through the direct mail. Ad size will be 4 columns wide and 6 column inches deep. Ads will be black and white and frequency 2 ads per week [Tuesday and Friday]. Continuity will be 6 weeks. After considering all these criteria the cost will be: $ 6.267 * 2 * 8 = $ 100.27 (Times

Terrorism Since Early 90’s Essay Example for Free

Terrorism Since Early 90’s Essay United States of America has constantly remained as one f the greatest nations in the whole world. As if it is the Promised Land, USA was gifted with resources and maintained its high economic status. This country has all access to basic education, enough food, health and welfare, while the remaining majority is desperately trying to reach those resources. Through the years, people would do anything in an attempt to stay and make a living in the perceived promise land. So the majority is divided into two categories: Some of them start to think of flying to developed countries, where they can meet their basic needs; others begin to believe that the reason of all their problems is rich peoples wealth, healthy ones health and educated ones awareness; so they try to destroy all those people and all those resources. Unfortunately, the well off living of the citizens of the United States have encouraged millions of illegal immigrants, overstaying and undocumented that such situation encouraged and became an ideal ground for terrorism. Robert W. McChesney, S. J. , (2001) the director of the Jesuit Refugee Service Immigration Detention Program in Los Angeles has sited several terrorist attacks since the early 1990’s. On Jan. 25, 1993, a lone gunman ambushed motorists waiting at a red light outside the main entrance to the Central Intelligence Agency headquarters in Langley, Va. Two C. I. A. employees were killed, and three other people were wounded as they sat innocently in their cars. The following month a 28-year-old Pakistani immigrant by the name of Mir Aimal Kansi was charged with capital murder, subsequently found guilty and sentenced to death. As it turned out, he had come to the United States in March of 1991 on a business visa and eventually was issued a work permit. He perpetrated the terrible crime while awaiting disposition of his application for political asylum. One month after the C. I. A. murders, an explosion rocked the World Trade Center in New York City, killing six people, wounding more than a thousand and sowing widespread fear. The following year, four Muslim fundamentalists were convicted of the crime. Each was sentenced to 240 years in prison. One had applied for political asylum, while another perpetrator had overstayed a student visa. Still later in 1993, an old cargo steamer ran aground on a sandbar in the surf off New York City. The Golden Venture dumped her human cargo of 286 undocumented Chinese into the water. They swam the last few hundred yards to shore, then were arrested and detained. The Golden Venture quickly became the national news obsession of the day. Every television station in the country played and replayed scenes of what some tabloids described as a â€Å"sea invasion of illegals. † An already nervous public mainstream was now confronted with stark images of drenched Chinese nationals huddling under blankets on a windy New York beach, staring in confusion at the television cameras. After three major incidents within six months, unscrupulous elements of the press found increasing profit in sensationalizing a story of immigrant hordes and terrorists breaching permeable borders to attack the fabric of American society. The immigration and criminal terrorist story lines blurred and became conflated. Popular discourse was virulent and fearful, and politicians took notice. The solution seemed all too obvious: close the borders to â€Å"illegal† and imprison or deport those already here. Perhaps the most infamous event of this period occurred on April 19, 1995, when a Ryder truck parked outside the Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City exploded. The potent mix of fertilizer and fuel oil blew half the nine-story building into oblivion, killing 168 innocent people, including 19 children, and injuring another 500. According to initial press reports, â€Å"Middle-Easterners† were reportedly seen in the vicinity of the crime and were initially regarded as possible suspects. Two days after the blast, however, a Caucasian U. S. military veteran, Timothy McVeigh, was picked up and subsequently convicted of the heinous capital crime. Legislative reaction to the sluggish economy and high-profile crimes and incidents had begun at the state level. In November of 1994 California passed Proposition 187, which placed onerous restrictions on legal and illegal immigrants. The courts subsequently overturned the initiative, but its popular political resonance remained potent.

Past Contrasted with Present in Faulkners A Rose for Emily :: A Rose for Emily, William Faulkner

Past Contrasted with Present in Faulkner's A Rose for Emily  Ã‚   In "A Rose for Emily", Faulkner contrasted the past with the present era. The past was represented in Emily herself, in Colonel Sartoris, in the old Negro servant, and in the Board of Alderman who accepted the Colonel's attitude toward Emily and rescinded her taxes. The present was expressed chiefly through the words of the unnamed narrator. The new Board of Aldermen, Homer Barron (the representative of Yankee attitudes toward the Griersons and thus toward the entire South), and in what is called "the next generation with its more modern ideas" all represented the present time period (Norton Anthology, 2044). Miss Emily was referred to as a "fallen monument" in the story (Norton Anthology, 2044). She was a "monument" of Southern gentility, an ideal of past values but fallen because she had shown herself susceptible to death (and decay). The description of her house "lifting its stubborn and coquettish decay above the cotton wagons and the gasoline pumps--an eyesore among eyesores" represented a juxtaposition of the past and present and was an emblematic presentation of Emily herself (Norton Anthology, 2044). The house smells of dust and disuse and has a closed, dank smell. A description of Emily in the following paragraph discloses her similarity to the house. "She looked bloated like a body long submerged in motionless water, and of that palled hue" (Norton Anthology, 2045). But she had not always had that appearance. In the picture of a young Emily with her father, she was frail and apparently hungering to participate in the life of the era. After her father's death, she looked like a girl "with a vague resemblance to those angels in colored church windows--sort of tragic and serene" (Norton Anthology, 2046). This suggests that she had already begun her entrance into the nether-world. By the time the representatives of the new, progressive Board of Aldermen waited on her concerning her delinquent taxes, she had already completely retreated to her world of the past. She declared that she had no taxes in Jefferson, basing her belief on a verbal agreement made with Colonel Sartoris, who had been dead for ten years. Just as Emily refused to acknowledge the death of her father, she now refused to recognize the death of Colonel Sartoris. He had given his word and according to the traditional view, his word knew no death.

Basic of Stock Market

Wouldn't you love to be a business owner without ever having to show up at work? Imagine if you could sit back, watch your company grow, and collect the dividend checks as the money rolls in! As you've probably guessed, we're talking about owning stocks. This fabulous category of financial instruments is, without a doubt, one of the greatest tools ever invented for building wealth.Stocks are a part, if not the cornerstone, of nearly any investment portfolio. When you start on your road to financial freedom, you need to have a solid understanding of stocks and how they trade on the stock market.Over the last few decades, the average person's interest in the stock market has grown exponentially. What was once a toy of the rich has now turned into the vehicle of choice for growing wealth. This demand coupled with advances in trading technology has opened up the markets so that nowadays nearly anybody can own stocks. This paper is intended to explain all the basic questions about the inv esting. This will help new investors to lighten up their confusions and equip them the basic idea of Stock Market. Basic of Stock Market What Are Stocks?Stock is a share in the ownership of a company. Stock represents a claim on the company's assets and earnings. As you acquire more stock, your ownership stake in the company becomes greater. Shares, equity, or stock, it all means the same thing. Being an Owner Holding a company's stock means that you are one of the many owners (shareholders) of a company and, as such, you have a claim (albeit usually very small) to everything the company owns. This means that technically you own a tiny sliver of every piece of furniture, every trademark, and every contract of the company.As an owner, you are entitled to your share of the company's earnings as well as any voting rights attached to the stock. A stock is represented by a stock certificate. This is a fancy piece of paper that is proof of your ownership. In today's computer age, sharehol ders won't actually get to see this document because the brokerage keeps these records electronically, which is also known as holding shares. In the past, when a person wanted to sell his or her shares, that person physically took the certificates down to the brokerage. Now, trading can be done with a click of the mouse or a phone call.Debt vs. Equity Why does a company issue stock? Why would the founders share the profits with thousands of people when they could keep profits to themselves? The reason is that at some point every company needs to raise money. To do this, companies can either borrow it from somebody or raise it by selling part of the company, which is known as issuing stock. A company can borrow by taking a loan from a bank or by issuing bonds. Both methods fit under the umbrella of debt financing. On the other hand, issuing stock is called equity financing.Issuing stock is advantageous for the company because it does not require the company to pay back the money or m ake interest payments along the way. All that the shareholders get in return for their money is the hope that the shares will someday be worth more than what they paid for them. The first sale of a stock, which is issued by the private company itself, is called the initial public offering (IPO) (Mladjenovic, 2002). When buying a debt investment such as a bond, shareholders are guaranteed the return of their money (the principal) along with promised interest payments.But in equity investment, being one of the owners of the company, shareholders assume the risk of the company not being successful – just as a small business owner isn't guaranteed a return, neither is a shareholder. Shareholders earn a lot if a company is successful, but they also stand to lose their entire investment if the company isn't successful. Risk It must be emphasized that there are no guarantees when it comes to individual stocks. Some companies pay out dividends, but many others do not.And there is no obligation to pay out dividends even for those firms that have traditionally given them. Without dividends, an investor can make money on a stock only through its appreciation in the open market. On the downside, any stock may go bankrupt, in which case shareholders investment is worth nothing. Although risk might sound all negatives, there is also a bright side. Taking on the greater risk also demands a greater return on investment. This is the reason why stocks have historically outperformed other investments such as bonds or savings accounts.Over the long term, an investment in stocks has historically had an average return of around 10-12%. Different Types of Stocks There are two main types of stocks: common stock and preferred stock. Common Stock A common stock is the basic stock a corporation issues. It just shows that shareholder own a fraction of the company. The common stocks are directly influenced by failures and successes of the company. Common stocks are more of a gamble . Since there is a higher chance of making profit, common stock owners are issued their dividends or profits after the preferred stock.Over the long term, common stock, by means of capital growth, yields higher returns than almost every other investment. If a company goes bankrupt and liquidates, the common shareholders will not receive money until the creditors, bondholders and preferred shareholders are paid. Preferred Stock Preferred stock represents some degree of ownership in a company but usually doesn't come with the same voting rights (Wikipedia, 2006). After all the common stock has been issued, companies begin to distribute preferred stock. The preferred stock owners are given their dividends before the common stock owners are.Also, if the company goes out of business, and liquidates, the preferred stock owners are paid back the money they invested before the common stockholders are reimbursed. The main drawback of preferred stocks is that they cannot benefit as much from company profits because they are only paid a fixed dividend payment. How Stocks Trade Most stocks traded on exchanges, which are places where buyers and sellers meet and decide on a price. Some exchanges are physical locations where transactions are carried out on a trading floor.The other type of exchange is virtual, composed of a network of computers where trades are made electronically – Internet trading. The purpose of a stock market is to facilitate the exchange of securities between buyers and sellers, reducing the risks of investing. The New York Stock Exchange The most prestigious exchange in the world is the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) (Encarta, 2006). The â€Å"Big Board† was founded over 200 years ago in 1792, with the signed of the Buttonwood Agreement by 24 New York City stockbrokers and merchants.Orders come in through brokerage firms that are members of the exchange and flow down to floor brokers who go to a specific spot on the floor where the stock trades. At this location, known as the trading post, there is a specific person known as the specialist whose job is to match buyers and sellers. Prices are determined using an auction method: the current price is the highest amount any buyer is willing to pay and the lowest price at which someone is willing to sell. Once a trade has been made, the details are sent back to the brokerage firm, who then notifies the investor who placed the order.Although there is human contact in this process, computers play a huge role in the process too. The Nasdaq The second type of exchange is the virtual sort called an over-the-counter (OTC) market, of which the Nasdaq is the most popular. These markets have no central location or floor brokers. Trading is done through a computer and telecommunications network of dealers. A market maker provides continuous bid and ask prices within a prescribed percentage spread for shares for which they are designated to make a market.They may match up buyers an d sellers directly but usually they will maintain an inventory of shares to meet demands of investors. Other Exchanges The third largest exchange in the U. S. is the American Stock Exchange (AMEX). The AMEX used to be an alternative to the NYSE, but Nasdaq had filled that role since. In fact, the National Association of Securities Dealers (NASD), which is the parent of Nasdaq, bought the AMEX in 1998. Almost all trading now on the AMEX is in small-cap stocks and derivatives. Buying StocksYou've now learned what a stock is and a little bit about the principles behind the stock market, but how do investors actually go about buying stocks? Investors don't have to go down into the trading pit yelling and screaming your order. There are two main ways to purchase stock: Using a Brokerage The most common method to buy stocks is to use a brokerage. Brokerages come in two different kinds. Full-service brokerages offer to investors (supposedly) expert advice and can manage the investorâ€℠¢s account; they also charge a lot.While discount brokerages offer little in the way of personal attention but are much cheaper. At one time, only the wealthy could afford a broker since only the expensive, full-service brokers were available. But when Internet came, the online discount brokers have been available, more affordable. DRIPs & DIPs Dividend reinvestment plans (DRIPs) and direct investment plans (DIPs) are plans by which individual companies, for a minimal cost, allow shareholders to purchase stock directly from the company. Drips are a great way to invest small amounts of money at regular intervals. Bull and Bear MarketsIn addition to the three market theories mentioned above, there are other ways of thinking about the market as a whole, that are less theoretical and more grounded in what is actually happening to them. One way is to describe the overall trends in the market, such as by defining them as bearish or bullish. The Bulls A bull market, loosely defined, is a m arket in which the major stock indexes have risen by over 20% over a substantial period of time, usually measured in months or years. Bull markets can happen as a result of an economic recovery, an economic boom, or simple investor psychology (Khan, 1998).The longest and most famous of all bull markets is the one that began in the early 1990s in which the U. S. equity markets grew at their fastest pace ever. The Bears Bear markets are the exact opposite of bull markets: they are markets in which the major indexes have declined by 20% or more over a period of at least two months (a decline that large for any shorter time period is simply called a â€Å"correction†, especially if it followed a substantial rise). Bear markets usually occur when the economy is in a recession and unemployment is high, or when inflation is rising quickly.The most famous bear market in U. S. history was, the Great Depression of the 1930s. Price Chart/ Stock Table A price chart graphically illustrate s a stock's price action over a selected period — one year, for instance. Some investors, called technical analysts or chartists, feel it's a waste of time examining financial statements, dissecting analysts' forecasts or pondering a firm's prospects vis-a-vis the competition. Instead, they believe that a price chart tells them everything they need to know about a stock. Chartists say stock prices move in trends.That is, a stock that has already been moving up in price (up trend) will continue its winning ways, while one going the other way (downtrend) will continue to disappoint its shareholders. The analysis is easy. If the stock is in an up trend, the price will be higher on the right side than in middle or left side of the chart. Conversely, the right side will be lower than the middle or the left side if it's in a downtrend. Conclusion In conclusion, people around us might say that Stock Market is a gamble and investors might lose their money anytime.It will only happen if the investor will not do his responsibility as investors. Investing is not easy, investor need to do his assignment in order to gain. There have been untold ways about how to make the stock market easier and safer for the new investors. Few, if any, are likely to prove useful or effective. But in order to minimize the risks of financial market imbalances, it is important that there be a well thought-out laws for investing, rules and regulations that implement properly, smoothly, and honestly. This task requires the participation of all concerned investors.Bibliography Khan, A. (1998). Stock Investing for Everyone: Tools for Investing Like the Pros (p. 136). San Jose, CA: Bookworld Services Microsoft ® Encarta ® Online Encyclopedia (2006). Stock Exchange. Retrieved last December 03, 2006, from http://encarta. msn. com/encyclopedia_761560145/Stock_Exchange. html#s1 Mladjenovic, P. (2002). Stock Investing for Dummies (p. 9). Indianapolis, Indiana: Wiley Publishing, Inc. Wikipedi a, the free encyclopedia (2006). Preferred stock. Retrieved last December 03, 2006, from http://en

Literary Analysis Of Black Like Me Essay

Although many people in the 1950s believed that African Americans were inferior to Caucasians, nevertheless their theory was wrong because any flaws African Americans had at the time were due to the way they were treated, not their race. John Howard Griffin discovers this by changing his skin color and living like an African American. John Howard Griffin was an expert on race issues when he darkened his skin and went down south to experience what life was like for an African American. Despite his enlightened view of civil rights, he was fully unaware of what it would be like to become African American. Even though he, like most northerners, was aware of the poor treatment of the African American people in the south, he was unaware of how demeaning it was to be African American and how impossible it had become for African Americans to become successful members of society. When Griffin’s skin was darkened he was treated differently than when his skin was white. He was treated horrifically for no other reason than the color of his skin. He was condescended upon by Caucasians and spoken to vulgarly. On one occasion, he was chased down the street by a Caucasian youth while offensive obscenities were hurled at him. However, the discrimination he endured was not always this obvious. Sometimes it was very subtle. Even before his color change Griffin knew that African Americans were given low paying jobs and were not allowed to work at certain businesses or use some services. He did not know, however, how this treatment made African American life miserable. On page 52, the cumulative effect of the discrimination is explained. â€Å"You take a young white boy. He can go through school and college with a real incentive. He knows he can make good money in any profession when he gets out. But can a Negro- in the South? No, I’ve seen many make brilliant grades in college. And yet when they come home in the summers to earn a little money, they have to do the most menial work. And even when they graduate, it’s a long hard pull. Most take postal jobs, or preaching or teaching jobs. This is the cream. What about the others, Mr. Griffin? A man knows no matter how hard he works, he’s never going to quite manage†¦ taxes and prices eat  up more than he can earn. He can’t see how he’ll ever have a wife and children. The economic structure just doesn’t permit it unless he’s prepared to live down in poverty and have his wife work too.† This lifestyle was forced upon African Americans because of false stereotypes about their race. â€Å"They saw us as â€Å"different’ from themselves in fundamental ways: we were irresponsible; we were different in our sexual morals; we were intellectually limited; we had a God-given sense of rhythm; we were lazy and happy-go-lucky; we loved watermelon and fried chicken.†(162) Sadly, the belief in the secondary status of an African American was widespread. Even intellectuals were misled by scientific studies published in scholarly journals and newspapers. The studies showed that African American people had more illegitimate children, earlier loss of virginity and a higher crime rate than compared to Caucasian people. Because of this, African Americans were discriminated against. This discrimination led African Americans into an ominous standard of living. Griffin, however, explains that the characteristics given to African Americans were not ingrown qualities shared among their race, but rather products of the poor conditions they were forced to live in. Griffin says there is no â€Å"basic difference between black and white†(89) and attributes these characteristics as â€Å"the effects of environment on human nature.† (89) â€Å"You place the white man in the ghetto, deprive him of the educational advantages, arrange it so he has to struggle hard to fulfill his instinct for self-respect, give him little physical privacy and less leisure, and he would after a time assume the characteristics you attach to the Negro. These characteristics don’t spring from whiteness or blackness, but from a man’s conditioning†¦when you force humans into a subhuman mode of existence, this always happens. Deprive a man of any contact with the pleasures of the spirit and he’ll fall completely into those of the flesh.† (90) African Americans were treated poorly because of negative stereotypes associated with their race. However, any truth in these stereotypes was due to their poor treatment, not the color of their skin. If they were treated poorly, they would gain these attributes. They were treated poorly because of these characteristics, the very characteristics that were caused by their poor treatment. This viscous cycle continued until the civil rights movement of the 1960s. In John Howard Griffin’s book Black Like Me, Griffin accurately describes the difference between the way Caucasians were treated and the way African Americans were treated in America’s south during the 1950s. His ability to describe the contrast so accurately stems from the fact that he experienced what it was like to be seen as â€Å"black† and what it was like to be seen as â€Å"white†. Although many southerners at the time believed that Caucasians were superior to African Americans, nevertheless Griffin proves that African Americans are not inferior and that any negative characteristics that exist in stereotypical African Americans are caused by oppression by their Caucasian counterparts.

A Case Study On Nestle Lanka Plc Information Technology Essay Essays

A Case Study On Nestle Lanka Plc Information Technology Essay Essays A Case Study On Nestle Lanka Plc Information Technology Essay Essay A Case Study On Nestle Lanka Plc Information Technology Essay Essay The chief intent of this study is to carry on a survey of cloud computer science, its different constructs, the benefits and costs associated with it and how it can suit in to or better Nestle Lanka s bing IT substructure. The range of this study includes an debut to the company and the industry, its mission, corporate construction, concern procedure, concern scheme and relationships with external parties. This is followed by an analysis of the organisation s IT substructure and the issues and challenges confronting the direction of IT. Then cloud computer science is explained, and the benefits and costs related to it are discussed. After which, the solutions that can be recommended to be adopted are discussed. Relevant decisions are so made based on these findings. The methods used in garnering information for this study include both primary ( interviews ) and secondary research ( on-line diaries, newspapers, magazines and publications ) . From the analysis it was revealed that Nestle Lanka has already adopted a portion of cloud calculating through the storage of its SAP related informations at the Globe Data Center in Sydney. However, it besides showed that certain non-core applications are carried outside of SAP which requires the informations to be stored locally and brings with it other costs as good. Another interesting determination was the fact that Nestle Lanka did non possess any internet related substructure as they do non hold a local web site. The recommendations that were made based on these findings were to follow Software as a Service theoretical account to happen out similar applications for the procedures which were done out of SAP. If this was non possible, the recommendation was to follow the Platform as a Service theoretical account which would ensue in Nestle developing the application online and it being hosted by the seller. The concluding behind this was to take down that substructure costs on waiters and care. In add-on, a recommendation was made to utilize the Platform as a Service theoretical account to make a local web site for the company as it will necessitate no capital investings. Further, this will enable the company to acquire closer to the consumer and supply greater satisfaction and carry out promotional activities without any cost. Nestle came to Sri Lanka over 100 old ages ago with the debut of milk and infant nutrients to the local market. Over the old ages, the globally celebrated multinational has extended its committedness to Sri Lanka at every chance, emphasizing the Nestle corporate proposition Good Food, Good Life. A Nestle Lanka s corporate caput office is situated in Colombo, whilst fabrication takes topographic point at a state-of-the-art installation in Kurunegala. The Company employs over 1000 people straight and estimates its indirect employment coevals to be in the part of 40,000. A About 90 per cent of the Nestle merchandises retailed in Sri Lanka are processed locally. Through the quality merchandise scope of trade names such as MILO, NESTOMALT, MAGGI, CERELAC, NAN, LACTOGEN and NESCAFE, the Company has built trust and emotional bonds with consumers of all ages and from all walks of life. Many of the Nestle trade names have become household names and for the most portion are the market leaders. Furthermore, Nestle Lanka endeavours to play a function in advancing healthy life styles by integrating a nutrition and wellness dimension into the bulk of merchandises. Carry throughing its societal and environmental duties to the state, Nestle Lanka is an built-in portion of the national community. The virtuousnesss of attention and fostering inherited from the parent company remain at the bosom of the manner it does concern. Of peculiar pride is the Company s part to the sustainability of the dairy industry and the rural economic system since its early old ages. Today, as the largest private sector purchaser of fresh milk and coconuts, Nestle Lanka spends about LKR 1.5 billion each twelvemonth, impacting the lives ofA farmer households island-wide. A Nestle Lanka went public in 1983 with around 9 % of the shareholding now held locally. Currently market capitalization is about LKR 37 billion ( Colombo Stock Exchange, May 2011 ) . Over the past few old ages the portion has been amongst the market s top performing artists with an exceeding dividend screen. Committed to outdo patterns, Nestle Lanka strives to keep the highest criterions of ethical and societal behavior throughout the administration and to make long-run sustainable value for all stakeholders. 1.2 Industry Background Nestle operates in the Food and Beverage industry which is turning at around 12 % yearly. It competes with both local and other transnational companies in the market. With the authorities aiming a GNP per capita of $ 4000 by 2014, demand will lift and competition for market portion will be more intense. ( Leading Edge, May 2011 ) 1.3 Mission The Annual Report for 2010 provinces that Our mission of Good Food, Good Life is to heighten the lives of Sri Lankan consumers with great tasting and alimentary merchandises at low-cost monetary values. 1.4 Corporate Structure Pull offing Director VP-Commercial VP-Supply Chain VP-Technical Company Secretary/Legal Officer VP- Finance VP Human Resources Head of Nestle Nutrition Head of Nestle Professional AVP National Gross saless AVP Food ( Marketing ) AVP Beverages ( Marketing ) AVP Dairy ( Marketing ) Production Manager 1 Production Manager 2 New Product Development Manager Recruitment Manager Training Director Payroll ManagerThe above diagram depicts the organisation hierarchy. 1.5 Business Procedure The chief maps in the organisation are Marketing, Supply Chain, Production and Gross saless. They are supported by the Finance, Human Resources, Information Systems and Legal maps. The selling section works closely with supply concatenation ( be aftering ) to place the right demand which is so planned to be produced and the natural stuffs and packing stuffs purchased based on the demands. As per the agreed programs, production produces the needed stocks to run into the demand forecasted and that is distributed by the client service and distribution map. The gross revenues map ensures that the merchandises are received where required and provides the needed trade publicities to guarantee that the merchandise is selling. Marketing conducts its ain trade name publicities to make consciousness of the merchandises and guarantee the attempt made by the gross revenues squad is supported. Further, the New Product Development map performs a vital of presenting new merchandises or developing bing merchandises in coordination with Marketing and Supply Chain. 1.6 Business Strategy Nestle Lankais dedicated to vouch consumer satisfaction by marketing the highest quality nutrient merchandises that meet the diverse and altering demand of consumers, using Nestle s acknowledged worldwide engineering A ; experience. To our stockholders, we guarantee a just return on their investing. 1.7 Relationship with external parties Nestle has strong relationships with external parties such as the Sri Lanka Customs, Inland Revenue, Port Authority, freight send oning companies, logistic companies, national governments ( for publishing licences for imported merchandises ) and other service suppliers such as for telecommunication. The corporate ( group ) web site is www.nestle.com. 2.0 IT substructure: issues and challenges 2.1 Organization s IT substructure Figure 5-10 The IT Infrastructure Ecosystem ( Laudon and Laudon, 2010 ) is used to discourse the substructure as follows. Computer Hardware Platforms all machines provided by Hewlett Packard ( HP ) . Operating System Platforms all machines use Microsoft Windows platform. Enterprise System Applications Sap for all nucleus activities in Marketing, Supply Chain, Finance, Gross saless and Production and non-core activities are mentioned below ( subdivision 2.2 ) in item. Networking/ Telecommunications networking hardware provided by IBM and Cisco, internet entree is provided through British Telecom ( BT ) and telephone services are provided by four local operators ( Dialog Axiata, Mobitel, Suntel and LankaBell ) . Advisers and System Integrators this is carried out in-house from our informations centre located in Sydney, Australia. Data Management and Storage all SAP related informations are stored in IBM waiters at our informations centre in Sydney ; whilst the non-SAP system informations are stored locally in SQL severs. Internet Platforms there exists no cyberspace related substructure at Nestle Lanka as there is no localised web site. 2.2 Issues and Challenges faced in the direction of IT substructure With mention to the interview with the IT director ( mention appendix 7.1 ) the following provides a treatment of the issues and challenges confronting the direction of IT substructure. Due to Nestle being a big multinational, standardisation of IT substructure is a demand across all markets ( states ) . It is no different in Sri Lanka, where the substructure is much advanced than you would happen in any other local company. This policy brings about many advantages and restrictions. First, since all markets have to hold the same substructure irrespective of its size, it will be more modern and up-to-date with the latest engineering in topographic point. This will intend enhance security steps for the company, which is critical to stay competitory in this fast-paced nutrient and drink industry. However, the advanced substructure does non come cheap as contracts are negotiated globally in dollar footings but when converted to rupees it is much higher whereas the substructure available in the market is although non of the same criterion, will run into our local demands and be less expensive. Hence, managing costs increases in line with this standardisation policy is a challenge for the company. Training or user instruction is another job the IT map faces when keeping and upgrading this current substructure. Although, system and security updates take topographic point through the informations centre in Sydney, the users do nt follow with the alterations until the last minute or delay until a job arises to happen out about the alteration. Further, the company has adopted applications outside of SAP for certain maps. They are for paysheet, milk procurance, and garnering secondary gross revenues informations ( from distributer point to end-customer ) . The information from these systems are stored locally in Lankaand along with waiter cost the company incurs annually maintenance outgo and licensing fees. 3.0 Cloud Computer science: its concern benefits and costs 3.1 Benefits of cloud computer science As Mell and Grance ( 2011 ) defines, cloud computer science is a theoretical account for enabling omnipresent, convenient, on-demand web entree to a shared pool of configurable calculating resources ( e.g. , webs, waiters, storage, applications, and services ) that can be quickly provisioned and released with minimum direction attempt or service supplier interaction . There are three chief service theoretical accounts in relation to overcast calculating as mentioned by Mell and Grance ( 2011 ) . They are: Cloud Software as a Service ( SaaS ) Cloud Infrastructure as a Service ( IaaS ) Cloud Platform as a Service ( PaaS ) The first theoretical account is one that distributes applications hosted by a service supplier over a web such as the Internet. Cloud calculating based constructs such as SaaS take the demand for organisations to separately keep a big sum of local waiters, alternatively they would wholly be using a shared resource. Further, Hayes ( 2008 ) shows that SaaS allows users to entree the application regardless of clip and location, giving them greater flexibleness in transporting out their undertakings. Saaksjarvi et. Al. ( 2005 ) besides shows that another one of the cardinal benefits of SaaS is that version direction is more convenient to the client, since the seller would be implementing ascents on a regular footing. Other benefits cited by Saaksjarvi et. Al. ( 2005 ) includes the impression that it enables the client to acquire entree to so name best-of-breed applications that might otherwise hold been excessively dearly-won for them to buy. The following theoretical account ( IaaS ) is where a service supplier outsources the equipment used to back up operations, including storage, hardware, waiters and networking constituents. The service supplier owns the equipment and is responsible for lodging, running and keeping it. The client typically pays on a per-use footing ( SearchCloudComputing.com, May 2011 ) . The concluding service theoretical account is one where hardware, storage and web capacity can be rented over the Internet. The theoretical account permits the client to rent virtualized waiters and associated services for running bing applications or developing and proving new 1s ( SearchCloudComputing.com, May 2011 ) . 3.2 Hazards of cloud computer science Despite such an array of benefits, and as with any other such theoretical account, SaaS besides comes along with a scope of hazards to both the client and the seller. On the client s side, one of the primary concerns is on privateness and security. Hayes ( 2008 ) outlines how leting a 3rd party control over your files could potentially make a helter-skelter legal issue, particularly in respect to what rights the seller will hold to the information on an juncture where the organisation violates the contract. Hayes ( 2008 ) discusses a scenario in which a authorities bureau serves a subpoena or a hunt warrant to the seller. Had the organisation had control of its informations, it may hold contested the order in tribunal. But it is dubious whether the seller would travel to tribunal on the organisation s behalf, and alternatively they might merely manus over the informations over to the governments. As such, harmonizing to this scenario, a company could hold its informations released to other parties without even being informed of it. Whether or non such a scenario is likely to happen, its possibility should non be ignored and it would be advisable for IT directors to dig into such gray countries with the seller prior to making an understanding. Another key concern mentioned by Saaksjarvi et. Al. ( 2005 ) is that SaaS offers little in the manner of custom-making the package to accommodate the organisation s specific demands. Customization of the package to accommodate the intricate concern procedures of the organisation is indispensable if it hopes to accomplish a competitory advantage. However, Jacobs ( 2005 ) points out that supplying a relevant degree of customization, although hard, is surely non impossible and in add-on it would be advantageous to the seller to travel this excess stat mi since they can lock-in clients. Hoch et. Al. ( 2001 ) voices the inauspicious consequence from the restrictions in the organisation s internal webs. Bandwidth of the web will hold to be increased to suit the changeless connectivity demanded by the SaaS theoretical account. Any issue with the web can adversely impact the public presentation of the applications, and impede dependent organisational undertakings. Such a major concern should be meticulously examined and addressed by the organisation so that they can guarantee the handiness of needed substructure before following the SaaS theoretical account. Apart from the proficient troubles of SaaS, there could be inauspicious organisational effects every bit good in the signifier of employee opposition as they are really familiar with what they have now and to re-train them, will necessitate tactful alteration direction. 3.3 Costss involved in cloud computer science When implementing cloud calculating there will be limited capital outgo on IT substructure. Waiters required to hive away and run the applications will be provided by the seller. However, the client should hold the equal web and package ( such as web browsers ) capablenesss to run into the application s demand. The client can salvage on the bing waiter, care and licensing costs. The client will be charged on a subscription footing based on the figure hours/days/months used depending on the service degree understanding signed by both parties. 4.0 Recommendation Due to the being of our Globe Data Center located in Sydney, the option of following the Infrastructure as a Service ( IaaS ) theoretical account is non practical as we possess our ain private cloud. However, what can be recommended is to follow cloud calculating for the non-core applications that was identified in subdivision 2.1 of this study. The ground that we can non follow SaaS for the bing ERP systems which covers our nucleus processes is that Nestle requires that all parts have the same system, procedure and fundamentally speak the same linguistic communication. The non-SAP applications that have been developed as they can non be customized in SAP to run into local demands, for illustration the paysheet system has to take into history the alone local employment jurisprudence demands. The milk procurance system had to be designed in a manner to ease information garnering from all Nestle milk chilling centres across the island and as a consequence could non be done by SAP. Gathering secondary gross revenues informations besides involves holding SAP at all the distributer locations which would hold been excessively dearly-won. For the above mentioned applications it is possible to seek for on-line versions that support cloud calculating such as through SalesForce.com or NETSUITE. If no such applications exist so, we can look at developing a similar application utilizing the Platform as a Service ( PaaS ) theoretical account utilizing platforms such as Microsoft Azure and Google s App Engine. The obvious benefit here would be salvaging hardware costs every bit good as care costs in the long tally but Nestle will hold to pass on the development costs in the short-run. From the IT substructure theoretical account analyzed in subdivision 2.1 it is apparent that Nestle Lankadoes non possess any internet related substructure as there is no local web site. Having its ain web site, will let Nestle to acquire much closer to its clients and be in its ego a promotional medium. Conventionally holding an cyberspace related platform would intend cost incurred on waiters every bit good as package licensing fees. But, through the usage of PaaS service theoretical account, Nestle Lankacan construct its ain web site without incurring any capital outgo and meet is vision of vouching consumer satisfaction. For illustration, Kia Motors in North America launched its ain web site utilizing the Microsoft Azure platform ( Microsoft.com, May 2011 ) . 5.0 Decision The findings of this study reveal that there are non-core applications that are being used along with SAP. These applications cost the company in footings of waiter, care and licence fees. This can be reduced or avoided in the long-run if the company adopts cloud calculating in the signifier of either package as a service or platform as a service. Further, it was found that the company does nt hold any cyberspace related substructure as it does non hold a web site. A less dearly-won and capital intensive manner of making such a web site would be to follow the platform as a service theoretical account. The creative activity of a web site will enable the company to acquire closer to its consumers and better prosecute them. It could besides be a free beginning of publicity for the company s many trade names.

The Chemical Reaction That Causes Rust

The Chemical Reaction That Causes Rust Rust is the common name for iron oxide. The most familiar form of rust is the reddish coating that forms flakes on iron and steel (Fe2O3), but rust also comes in other colors, including yellow, brown, orange, and even green! The different colors reflect various chemical compositions of rust. Rust specifically refers to oxides on iron or iron alloys, such as steel. Oxidation of other metals has other names. There is tarnish on silver and verdigris on copper, for example. The Chemical Reaction That Forms Rust Although rust is considered the result of an oxidation reaction, its worth noting not all iron oxides are rust. Rust forms when oxygen reacts with iron  but simply putting iron and oxygen together isnt sufficient. Although about 20 percent  of air consists of oxygen, rusting doesnt occur in dry air. It occurs in moist air and in water. Rust requires three chemicals to form: iron, oxygen, and water. iron water oxygen  Ã¢â€ â€™Ã‚  hydrated iron(III) oxide This is an example of an electrochemical reaction and corrosion. Two distinct electrochemical reactions occur: There is anodic dissolution or oxidation of iron going into aqueous (water) solution: 2Fe  Ã¢â€ â€™Ã‚  2Fe2  Ã‚  Ã‚  4e- Cathodic reduction of oxygen that is dissolved into water also occurs: O2  Ã‚   2H2O 4e-  Ã¢â€ â€™Ã‚  4OH-  Ã‚   The iron ion and the hydroxide ion react to form iron hydroxide:   2Fe2   4OH-  Ã‚  Ã¢â€ â€™Ã‚  2Fe(OH)2 The iron oxide reacts with oxygen to yield red rust, Fe2O3.H2O Because of the electrochemical nature of the reaction, dissolved electrolytes in water aid the reaction. Rust occurs more quickly in saltwater than in pure water, for example. Keep in mind oxygen gas, O2, is not the only source of oxygen in air or water. Carbon dioxide, CO2, also contains oxygen. Carbon dioxide and water react to form weak carbonic acid. Carbonic acid is a better electrolyte than pure water. As the acid attacks the iron, water breaks into hydrogen and oxygen. Free oxygen and dissolved iron form iron oxide, releasing electrons, which can flow to another part of the metal. Once rusting starts, it continues to corrode the metal. Preventing Rust Rust is brittle, fragile,  progressive, and weakens iron and steel. To protect iron and its alloys from rust, the surface needs to be separated from air and water. Coatings can be applied to iron. Stainless steel contains chromium, which forms an oxide, much like how iron forms rust. The difference is the chromium oxide does not flake away, so it forms a protective layer on the steel.

Risk Isolation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Risk Isolation - Assignment Example According to the five-factor model for personality traits, an individual may either be an extrovert or introvert. Psychologists have identified introversion as a significant cause of social isolation. The affected person may find social interaction as daunting; hence prefer spending time alone. Such a characteristic poses a risk towards the ability to interact with people; hence isolating oneself from members of the society. On the other hand, an individual’s personality may be ‘ruined’ due to inferiority complex. Such an individual may find it necessary to withdraw oneself from the public. Inferiority complex entails shame and feelings of low self-worth. The cause-and-effect relationship resulting from social isolation is that it may lead to depression and mental illnesses in the long-run. Hawthorne, (2008) attributes social isolation to feeling of superiority. Individuals who consider themselves superior and more important than others end up losing their friends. Such individuals are self-centered and have little concern for others. At first, such people get along with other people, but eventually the friendship is lost due to their perception of being superior. Such individuals end up being alone and start wondering what the problem might be. At this stage, they are already victims of social isolation. Isolation in itself is not therapy. Hawthorne, (2008) explains that victims of social isolation require therapy because prolonged cases of social isolation result in emotional isolation. It is better to seek help from experts rather than trying to tackle life stressors that may result in psychological and mental strain. Hawthorne, G., PhD. (2008). Perceived social isolation in a community sample: Its prevalence and correlates with aspects of peoples lives.  Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology,  43(2), 140-50.

Interview-Family Influence Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Interview-Family Influence - Assignment Example The family had to move from place to place every two years and this demanded them to be resilient and easily adjust to their environment as well as the people around them. Growing up in a military family, John Doe was exposed to a lot of friends wherein most of them also belong to military families. He had White and Black American as well as Asian friends and others from cultural groups, too. â€Å"I was raised without prejudice to anyone† (Doe, 2013), the young man said quite contentedly and smiled. He added that his parents never discouraged him to play with other children from a different race. However, when he was bullied or if he met trouble-makers, his parents suggested for him to just stay away from them. Doe’s parents expressed these information verbally to him and his siblings early on perhaps because they know they were expected to meet different kinds of people. Moreover, as any parent does, the Doe couple also warned the children not to speak with strangers for their safety. Explaining was the basic manner the parents used to inform their children about the facts of life. Although the Doe children were taught not to have any prejudice to anyone, they were also taught to be careful with the people they do not know. As experts often say, children are more receptive in learning from what parents show more than what they say. In Doe’s case, his parents’ teachings were indeed fortified by what he saw them do. Whenever there were occasions to celebrate, the family often invited visitors from various ethnic groups. Sometimes, simple dinners with other families of different cultures were planned in order to accommodate new friends and know them better. The children were also encouraged to play together and this enhanced their socialization skills. The greatest effects of this in Doe’s life are perhaps his resiliency in adopting to new environment and people as well as good socialization skills. When sent to a public high s chool, Doe learned more about other races and he came to understand further what prejudice and racism are. However, due to his strong influence from his parents, he maintained his respect toward other races. He never covertly or overtly felt prejudice toward any race despite the new information he was assimilating because he never witnessed anyone from his family exemplify so. The family never discussed about racism, feminism or homosexuality because perhaps the parents wanted the children to have high tolerance toward other races and sexualities. Although communication seems to be open in the family when it comes to a lot of matters, there were also things that seemed uneasy for the family to discuss and this was evident in Doe’s saying, â€Å"†¦but my mom found some things very hard to discuss where my dad it was his way and that was that† (Doe, 2013). The man’s refusal to further comment on the issue was respected. Doe admits that his family primarily in fluenced how he perceives other people of different races or gender inclinations. He says he does not care much if a person is Black or Asian, gay or straight. However, he has this take on every child; that they all deserve to have parents of both sexes. He further says that children get the â€Å"bad rap due to the race they are† and in a similar manner, children who have unique parents, meaning two females or two males, receive the same treatment. Although Doe does not inflict such kind of bullying toward other people, he claims

Recruitment and Selection Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Recruitment and Selection - Research Paper Example In this reflective report, I will examine how the discernment of the theories for interviewing contributes to the success of an interview. This will also serve as a gauge of my understanding of the concepts studied. This exercise started with the modifying the original job description provided. The original job description was edited to give the recruiting company a more defined identity and to inject the personality of the management. This is an important step in "attracting" the right kind of people to answer the job posting. According to Ben Schneider's Attraction-Selection-Attrition Framework, the personality of the organization is the sum total of the personalities of its employees, thus "people are attracted to an organization on the basis of their interests and personality" as mentioned in the Recruitment and Selection Module of Hull University (5). After the modification of the job description, I created a person specification for what I think is the "ideal person" for the job. For the job person specification, I used Fraser's Five-Fold Grading System, referencing the Recruitment and Selection Module of Black's Academy (2). It is in creating the person specification that I understood th e significance of Schneider's theory of "like-attracts-like". The conceptualization of the interview plan and the formulation of the interview questions followed... For the interview questions, I used a combination of questions based on Behavior Description Interviewing, Situation Interviewing and interjected some technical questions as well (Interview Techniques, University of Alberta, 1-3). I chose to use a combination of these questions to check if the person meets the person specification that I created. Reflective Report Looking back on the interview exercise, I think that it went quite well. I remember being confident during the interview and I was also able to put the interviewee or applicant at ease. Personally, I think the preparation step is very important for two reasons; one is that it enabled the applicant to open up and, two, as the interviewer, I was also able to observe the body language of the applicant without the nervousness. This may have worked because of the amount of preparation that I spent creating and revising my interview plant based on the WASP framework from the Online Business Learning Archive. The predominantly open-ended questions that I used gave the applicant an opportunity to share his experiences in detail which in turn helped me see beyond the CV of the applicant. This exercise helped me see the applicant as a person and imagine how he would fit in my organization. During the interview, although I did plan and succeed in making the applicant at ease, I may have over-emphasized my welcome. As my assessor commented, my statement that "we need you, rather than you need us" may have placed my applicant to mindset of having already secured the job. I think this may also have "weakened" my role as the representative of the employer or company. In the interest of having all of my questions answered, I may have hurried the interview and potentially caused the

Contract Law Advice Style Answer

Contract Law Advice Style Answer Arron and Tracy have entered into three different types of contracts. Firstly, there is a contract for sale of goods between Tracy and HAL[1] for the purchase of the coffee machine. Secondly, there is a contract for service among Arron and Matthew for the decoration of the hallway. Then, there is a contract for sale of description between the Arron and the dog-seller for the purchase of dog. The contracts appeared to be consumer contracts, since they satisfied the requirements established under the Unfair Contract Terms Act[2]. Section 12[3] states that a person dealing under a consumer contract is when one party performed in the course of a business and not the other party. Moreover, the goods in consideration must be ‘of a type ordinarily supplied for private use’.[4] Section 2(1) of the Sale of Goods Act[5]states that for a consumer contract to exist there must be ‘a money consideration’. In application, it is clear that Arron and Tracy are consumers, whi ch are not acting in the course of the business, but we cannot say the same for the other parties. In the cases of Stevenson[6] and R B Customs[7], the term ‘in the course of a business’[8] is wisely explained, it is clear that the other parties who contracted with them are included. THE LUXURY COFFEE MACHINE* The purchase of the luxury coffee falls under the implied terms of s. 14 SGA[9], which says that the goods supplied must be of â€Å"satisfactory quality†. Under S.14 (2A)[10], the test is that of ‘a reasonable person’ would regard as satisfactory. Thus, when the coffee machine was bought no one will expect it to burn hands and to be unsafe (considering the criteria in s.14 (2B)[11] of the act. Here, it includes safety as per s.14 (2B) (d)[12]. Indeed, the General Product Safety Regulations 2005[13] has included electrical equipment as having a requirement to be safe, by being properly insulted. However, this is not the case when the coffee machine becomes too hot which is clearly unsafe. It is clear though that s.14[14] is in breached since the product supplied burnt hands by becoming too hot. Consequently, Tracy can return or ask for a refund of the price ( £150) and damages. Nevertheless, in order to entitle to this, it must be established that Tracy has not â€Å"accepted† the product. Otherwise, if it has taken place the remedy is damages only which will be under s.11 (4).[15] Furthermore, s.35 (4)[16] says that acceptance occurred when a buyer retain the goods for a certain period of time without intimating to the seller that she rejected it. The question of time had an extensive discussion about how long and what actually is a reasonable time. It was first established under the case of Bernstein[17], under which there was a maximum of 3 weeks. However, it was later replaced by Clegg[18] the actual law which provides a period of 7 months. In application, Tracy is visibly within the time limit, as she rejected the offer when she returns the coffee machine back to HAL. Furthermore, since Tracy paid the coffee machine with her credit card, she may have additional rights under the Consumer Credit Act 1974[19]. In fact, she enters into a consumer credit agreement which is defined under s.8 (1)[20] as an agreement between an individual and the creditor by which the creditor provides the debtor with credit of any amount. In application, this is the case when Tracy paid the product with her credit card define as ‘financial accommodation’ under s.9[21]. It was a regulated consumer credit agreement under s.8 (3)[22] as it was not an exempt agreement. It also constitutes a restricted use, according to the situation in the problem as per s.11 (b)[23] and a running account as per s.10 (1) (a)[24].Consequently, as the product is purchase with a credit card, there is a D-C-S agreement under s.12 (b)[25]; debtor: Tracy, creditor: Barclaycard and the supplier: HAL .In such a case, where there is a faulty product, which is the case Tracy has a ‘ like claim’ against the credit card company under s.75[26]. HAL and the credit card company are ‘jointly and severally liable’ for the aforementioned breach of S.14 SGA[27]. Therefore, Tracy has a claim against both HAL and Barclaycard. Indeed, if the claim against the shop is unsuccessful, then she is entitled to use s.75 as a shield. Furthermore, even if Vicky is not a party to the contract she might have a claim against HAL since the privity of contract was overcome by the narrow rule of Lord Atkin in the case of Donoghue v Stevenson.[28] Despite the fact, that she could claim under negligence it will be best to sue under Consumer Protection Act[29] since there is a strict liability. Vicky might claim a civil liability under Part I of CPA[30] which covered damage or personal injury caused by the faulty products, when her arm is burn. The coffee machine is defective as per s.3, since no one will generally expect the coffee machine to become too hot and unsafe. Therefore, she will be able to sue for damages. Moreover, there may be a potential criminal liability under Part II of CPA which covered damage caused by unsafe product. Certain goods need to satisfy the safety requirement under s.11 (1)[31]. Therefore, a failure to meet the safety regulations is a breach under s.12[32], but unless the product supply is unsafe which here is visibly the case. Additionally, HAL will try to rely on the exclusion clause. In order to be effective, the clause needs to satisfy certain legal rules. When Tracy went to return the coffee machine, she was pointed a notice which states â€Å"Sale items cannot be returned†. Applying the case of Olley[33], which established that for a notice to be incorporated it need to be before or at the time of the contract. Since, Tracy could not remember having seen the notice before; it is very likely that there clause was not incorporated. Even if the clause was valid, it will not make a difference because s6 (1) UCTA states that liability in consumer contract for breach of s.14[34] cannot be excluded. MATTHEW, THE DECORATOR* The contract between Arron and Matthew is governed by the Supply of Goods and Services 1982[35] since the substance of the contract is based on services. The SGSA[36] consist of two parts; Part 1 consists of the quality of goods supplied under the contract for the services and Part 2 is about the supply of services Under Part 1, there is an implied term that goods supplied on the part of the act to be of satisfactory quality and fit for purpose under s.4. This section mirror the provisions contain within s.14 (2A) and (2B) of SGA[37]. It should be noted that there is no provision equivalent to s11 (4) and s.35. Therefore, generally when Arron buys the wallpaper guaranteed to last 10 years he will expect the product to be of satisfactory quality and to durable as per the other relevant circumstances under s.4 (2A)[38] which mirror the provision of s.14 (2B) (e)[39]. But this was not the case when the wallpaper falls off the wall after six weeks. Unlike Part 1, which implied term concern the goods, Part 2 implies following terms concerning the supply of services. Contrarily, to Part 1 it is possible to exclude liability, under s.11 UCTA for breach under the service part of the contract. A contract for supply of services is defined under s12[40] as â€Å"a contract under which a person (the supplier) agrees to carry out a service.† Under Part 2 there is an implied term under s.13[41] that the services provided by the supplier will be carried out within a reasonable care and skill. It should be noted that s.13 implies generally accepted to be innominate term as in Hong Kong Fir[42] by depriving the innocent party of the whole benefit of the contract. This is clearly the case here when ‘the wallpaper fall off.’ Applying Nettleship v Weston[43], there is no defence even if the person claims to have to their incompetent best. Under, Bolam[44] if the skilled conforms within the standard required is of a reasonable competent member of the relevant trade, he will not be liable due to others different views. As established in Philips[45] , the services must be carried out with such a care as within the capacity of his degree of experience which he claimed to have .He must have a level of skill of such specialist which he holds to Arron as in Grieves.[46]Therefore, when Arron employed Matthew, he expected t he work to be done with a reasonable care and skill and not be fall off within six weeks. Clearly s.4[47] and s.13[48] are in breached. Consequently, Arron will be able to ask for damages since rejection will be impossible. The claim for recovery of damages is for the poor service or poor quality of materials used in the contract term, it includes actual damages for the failure of wallpaper which has not be achieved it result by holding on the wall and consequential damages for the money which Arron will have to expense to repair the breach. In order to entitle to this, Arron must have taken reasonable steps to mitigate his loss suffered, which require acceptance of offer from the defendant to rectify the matter, like under the case of Payzu.[49]It is clear that mitigation of loss had occurred when Arron suggested to Matthew that he should properly do the work again. Hence, Arron will be able to recover for the damages since he gives the opportunity to Matthew to redo the work properly. Additionally, Matthew tried to rely on the exclusion clause, when Arron tells him that he should properly ‘redo’ the work. An exclusion clause is used by a party in order to restrict or limit liability in an event of a breach of contract or any other specified circumstances. But, for it to be effective three legal conditions need to be consider; the common law, the UCTA and the Unfair Terms in Consumer Contract Regulations 1999[50]. Under the common law, the clause must be incorporated and constructed. According to the scenario, the clause was incorporated by an express agreement since there is not enough information to state that a contract was signed between the parties. Therefore, it is very likely that the clause was incorporated. As for the construction of the clause, it must be established that in interpretation of the contract the clause cover the breach which has occurred. In application, the clause is constructed in a plain language but it does not cover the breach. Hereafter, the clause might not be hold as constructive by court. In addition, the statutory controls need to be considered. The legislation for exclusion clauses is governed by the provision under UCTA and UTCCR. The UCTA was created in order to protect the weaker party, for example the consumer. Under s.11(1), the reasonableness test need to be consider, under which the term must be fair and reasonable by including all circumstances ‘[†¦]which were or ought reasonable to have be known[†¦]’[51]. In the problem question, it is clear that the terms are not fair and reasonable since Matthew restricted the term of the contract for his own benefit and not for Arron (the consumer). He excluded all extra cost and loss arising out of the decorating services. The UTCCR will not be applicable due to lack of information about the presence of a contractual term or a standard form. Even if the exclusion clause is valid s.7[52]states that liability for consumer contracts for breach of s4 and s13 cannot be excluded. However, this liability can be excluded if satisfies the requirement of the reasonableness which is visibly not the case here. Arron might have a criminal liability against the producer for the commercial practices of the wallpaper through television advertising. The liability will be under Schedule 1 of the Consumer Protection from Unfair Trading Regulations 2008[53]which replaced some consumer protection legislation; like CPA Part 3 or even the TDA[54]. He can claim liability for misleading actions under Regulation 5. It occurs when a misleading information lead the average consumer to make a decisive reason to enter the contract. In application, it is clear that it is the 10 years old guarantee, which encourages Arron to buy this specific paper. This commercial practice clearly distinguished the product from the competitor (para.3 (a) of reg.5), was obviously a main characteristic of the product (para.4 (b) of reg.5) which makes him make a decisive decision in buying this product rather than the others. PUPPIES* The buying of pedigree dog is governed by the SGA. However, the effect of the statement must first be drawn, by stating whether it is a puff, a representation, a term or a sale by description. The difference between these statements will be established. A puff is a ‘mere boast or unsubstantiated claims’ which are used by advertisers for their products and services .An example is the case of Carlill[55]. Representations or contractual term are statements made in course of negotiation for a contract. While, a term of contract define as outcome to pre-contractual negotiation between parties can be distinct in two types; implied and express. It could also be a sale by description under s.13 which implied term is that the goods must ‘correspond’ to the words used for the description of the goods. In application, it is clear that is a sale by description where the adverts states that the dogs are ‘pedigree dogs’ with ‘friendly temperature’. S.13 is breached as the description is inaccurate and that the dogs are crossbreeds, aggressive and snappy. There is a strict liability under s.13 and the remedy, will allow Arron to reject the good and receive damages. Next, Arron has paid the pedigree dog with his credit card; he may have a claim under CCA. Under the CCA, a D-C-S agreement is established, under s12 (b) consisting of the debtor; Arron, the creditor; the credit card company (Barclaycard) and the supplier (the dog-seller). It may be that has a claim under s.75 where the creditor is jointly and severally liable with the supplier for the supplier misrepresentation and for breach of s.13 SGA. If, the claim is not successful under SGA against the supplier, Arron will be to use s.75 as a shield. Criminal liability is regulated by the regulation 5[56] for the false information which deceived the consumers. The false statement of the advert may lead to a criminal offence under reg.5 CPUTR which prohibits false information to be applied on goods. S.2 (2) (a), states that goods includes the descriptions and details of animals as per there ‘sex, breed or cross [†¦]’[57].Under s.3 (1)[58] explains the term of â€Å"false to a material degree†. In application, it is clear that the advert the newspaper is a material degree and that there is a breached of Reg 5. 2515 Word Count*(Excluding titles) Bibliography Primary Sources Cases: Bolam v Friern Hospital Management [1957] 1 WLR 582 Bernstein v Pamson Motors [1987] RTR 384 Carlill v The Carbolic Smoke Ball Co Ltd [1893] 1 QB 256 Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562 Grieves Co Baynham [1975] 1 WLR 109 Hong Kong Fir Shipping Co Ltd v Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha Ltd [1962] EWCA Civ 7 Nettleship v Weston [1971] 2 QB 691 Olley v Marlborough Court Ltd [1949] 1 AII ER 127 Payzu Ltd. V Saunders [1919] 2 KB 581 Philips v William Whitely Ltd [1938] AII ER 566 RB Customs Brokers Ltd v United Dominions Trust Ltd [1988] 1 WLR 321 Stevenson v Rogers [1999] 1 All ER 613 Statutes and statutory instruments: Trade Description Act 1968 Consumer Credit Act 1974 Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 Sale of Goods Act 1979 Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982 Consumer Protection Act 1987 Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulation 1999 Consumer Protection from Unfair Trading Regulations 2008 Secondary Sources Books: Nicholas Ryder, Margaret Griffiths, Lachmi Singh, Commercial Law (Principles and Policy), (First published 2012,Cambrige) Michael Furmston and Jason Chuah, Commercial Law,(2th edn, Pearson 2013) Chris Turner, UNLOCKING CONTRACT LAW,(First published 2004,Hodder Stoughton) Chapters in Books: Michael Furmston and Jason Chuah, Chapter 4 ‘Sale of Goods’: 4.8 Defective goods, Commercial Law,(2th edn, Pearson 2013) pg. 192-201 Chris Turner, Chapter 6 ‘The Obligations under a Contract : Term 6.1.2: Types of representation and their consequences, UNLOCKING CONTRACT LAW,(First published 2004,Hodder Stoughton) pg. 111-116 Websites and Blogs: Which? Consumer Right ‘Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982’ (2014) http://www.which.co.uk/consumer-rights/regulation/supply-of-goods-and-services-act-1982>accessed on 19 March 2014 Financial Ombudsman Service , oombudsman news  » issue 31  » credit cards equal liability under section 75 of the Consumer Credit Act 1974 (sep 2003) http://www.financial-ombudsman.org.uk/publications/ombudsman-news/31/creditcards-31.htm> accessed on 25 March 2014 FindLaw UK, ‘Your rights under section 75 of the Consumer Credit Act’ http://www.findlaw.co.uk/law/consumer/consumer_credit/500520.html> accessed on 02 April 2014 BBC one Watchdog, ‘Supply of Services’(2014) http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b006mg74/features/consumer-law-supply-of-services> accessed on 06 April 2014 Out-Law.com, ’Product liability under the Consumer Protection Act’ (last update 2011) http://www.out-law.com/en/topics/commercial/supply-of-goods-and-services/product-liability-under-the-consumer-protection-act/> accessed on 09 April 2014 [1] Home Appliances Ltd [2] Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977; UCTA [3] Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 [4] Section.12(1)(c) Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 [5] Sale of Goods Act 1979;SGA [6] Stevenson v Rogers [1999] 1 All ER 613 [7] RB Customs Brokers Ltd v United Dominions Trust Ltd [1988] 1 WLR 321 [8] Section 12 Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 [9] Section 14 Sale of Goods Act 1979 [10] Section 14 (2A) Sale of Goods Act 1979 [11] Section 14 (2 B) Sale of Goods Act 1979 [12] Section 14 (2B) (d) Sale of Goods [13] General Product Safety Regulations 2005;GPSR [14] Section 14 Sale of Goods Act 1979 [15] Section 11 (4) Sale of Goods Act 1979 [16] Section 35 (4) Sale of Goods Act 1979 [17] Bernstein v Pamson Motors [1987] RTR 384 [18] Clegg v Anderson [2003] EWCA Civ 1002 [19] Consumer Credit Act 1974;CCA [20] Section 8 (1) Consumer Credit Act 1974 [21] Section 9 Consumer Credit Act 1974 [22] Section 8 (3) Consumer Credit Act 1974 [23] Section 11 (b) Consumer Credit Act 1974 [24] Section 10 (1)(a) Consumer Credit Act 1974 [25] Section 12 (b) Consumer Credit Act 1974 [26] Section 75 Consumer Credit Act 1974 [27] Section 14 Sale of Goods Act 1979 [28] Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562 [29] Consumer Protection Act 1987:CPA [30] Consumer Protection Act 1987 [31] Section 11 (1) Consumer Protection Act 1987 [32] Section 12 Consumer Protection Act 1987 [33] Olley v Marlborough Court Ltd (1949) 1 ALL ER 127 [34] Section 14 Sale of Goods Act 1979 [35] Supply of goods and Services Act 1982; SGSA [36] Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982 [37] Sale of Goods Act 1979 [38] Section 4 (2A) Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982 [39] Section 14(2B)(e) Sale of Goods Act 1979 [40] Section 12 Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982 [41] Section 13 Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982 [42] Hong Kong Fir Shipping Co Ltd v Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha Ltd [1962] EWCA Civ 7 [43] Nettleship v Weston [1962] 2 QB 691 [44] Bolam Fried Hospital Management [1957] 1 WLR 582 [45] Philips v William Whitely Ltd [1938] 1 ALL ER 566 [46] Grieves Co v Baynham [1975] QB 644 [47] Section 4 Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982 [48] Section 13 Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982 [49] Payzu Ltd v Saunders [1919] 2 KB 581 [50] Unfair Terms in Consumer Contract Regulations 1999; UTCCR [51] S.11(1) of Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 [52] Section 7 Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 [53] Consumer Protection from Unfair Trading Regulations 2008; CPUTR [54] TDA:Trade Description Act 1968-largely repealed by CPUTR [55] Carlill v The Carbolic Smoke Ball Co Ltd [1893] 1 QB 256 [56] Regulation 5 of Consumer Protection from Unfair Trading Regulations 2008 [57] Section 2(2)(a) of the Trade description Act 1968 [58] Section 3(1) of the Trade description Act 1968